Internal Combustion Engine
Monday, May 25, 2009 at 12:01AM | Share Article History
The term internal combustion engine (ICE) refers to an engine where expansion of gases, produced by the combustion, apply force to a movable component of the engine. The combustion of fuel occurs in a chamber with an oxidiser, typically air. An exothermic reaction occurs that produces a gas at high pressure and temperature. The increasing hot gases will immediately put pressure on solid engine parts causing them to move. Pistons, rotors or the engine itself then begins moving, causing the entire automobile to be propelled.
The first internal combustion engine was designed by the Dutch scientist Christian Huygens in 1678; it was to have been fueled with gunpowder, but it was never built. About 1860 a French inventor, Etienne Lenoir (1822-1900), built the first practical internal combustion engine; it burned illuminating gas. In 1866 two German engineers, Eugen Langen (1833-1895) and Nikolaus August Otto (1832-1891), developed a more efficient gas engine, and in 1876 Otto built a four cycle engine, a prototype of the so-called Otto-cycle engines used in most modern automobiles and airplanes.
Operation
The typical internal combustion engine uses a four-stroke cycle or Otto cycle. The cycle involves four phases namely: induction, compression, power and exhaust. These phases combine to generate an exothermic chemical process causing vehicle propulsion. During induction, oxygen or other oxidizers are introduced into the cylinder to act with the fuel. Compression occurs as the gases start a response that continuously increase temperature and pressure within the cylinder.
When enough pressure is applied on the corresponding engine parts, the engine begins to gain power through movement coming from direct force application. The aftermath of the entire compression process will lead to exhaustion of by products like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen wastes. These gases are freely emitted into the atmosphere. The combustion process is started through engine ignition using the spark ignition method or the compression ignition system.
Gasoline
Electric/gasoline systems use a combination of lead-acid battery plus an induction coil to create a high-voltage electrical spark. The spark ignites the mix of air and fuel within the cylinder. Gasoline engines get an air and gasoline mixture to be compressed to less than 185 psi. The spark plug ignites the mixture during compression within the cylinder. The battery is recharged during operation through an alternator or generator driven by the engine itself.
As for diesel engines, these require only heat and pressure produced by the engine during the compression process for ignition. Diesel compression is approximately three times higher compared to a gasoline engine. Diesel engines use air only. Some diesel fuel is sprayed into the cylinder with the use of a fuel injector just before peak compression to start ignition immediately. Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines also require only heat and pressure but take in fuel as well as air. The compression process for diesel and HCCI engines is less robust for cold starts.
The Polluting Effects
Combustion products or the hot gases ignited and burnt inside the engine will have higher amounts of energy compared to the compressed fuel and air mixture. After available energy are used up to drive the engine pistons, remaining combustion products will be vented or exhausted through a valve or the exhaust outlet to bring back the piston in its original state also called top dead center (TDC). Any heat which is not used up will become a waste product due to be removed from the engine via a liquid or air cooling system.
Air pollution emissions then result from incomplete combustion of carbonaceous fuel. Examples of engine by products are carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen wastes, sulfur and uncombusted hydrocarbons. These also result if the products did not operate near the stoichiometric ratio required for effective combustion. The fuel would not have burnt very well due to factors like cool cylinder walls or lack of air.
Both gasoline and diesel engines emit harmful gases that can be dangerous to humans as well as the environment. The greenhouse gases are trapped within the atmosphere leading to global warming.
Reader Comments (4)
The Indian Oil & Gas industry has seen an increase in both upstream (exploration and production) and downstream (refining and marketing) activities, in past few years. The upstream activities include exploration and production (E&P) of Oil & Gas in sedimentary areas. The downstream activities include refining & marketing (R&M) of crude oil and gas. This increase is mainly due to the opening up of Oil & Gas industry in 1991, under New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP). Many private and foreign players have entered into E&P of Oil & Gas, since then. There have been seven rounds of NELP biddings till date.
Because of NELP, India now has fourteen producing basins compared to three producing basins till 1990. This growth in not limited only to E&P. The R&M sector also has seen a significant growth.
There are plans to increase refining capacity in India by 93.49 million metric tons per annum (MMTPA) form current 177.97 MMTPA. Gas Authority of India Limited (GAIL) is working toward creating a national gas grid and has plans to lay around 5000 Km. of gas pipelines with and investment of INR 280 billion.
The increase in both E&P and R&M activities in Indian Oil & Gas Industry has created a demand for gas engine and related services, as gas engines can be used in both E&P and R&M activities.
This report maps the usage of gas engines in Indian Oil & Gas Industry. The report also evaluates upcoming projects where gas engines could be used and analyses two recent cases, where gas engines have been used. The report also profile two leading suppliers of gas engines to Indian Oil & Gas Industry - GE Energy and Rolls-Royce Energy Systems India Private Limited.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
1.1 Scope of the report
2. Indian Oil & Gas Industry
3. Mapping of Gas Engine Usage in Oil & Gas Industry
3.1 Benefits of Using Gas Engines in Oil & Gas Industry
4. Cases of usage of Gas Engines in Indian Oil & Gas Industry
4.1 Barmer Salaya Pipeline (BSPL) Project – Cairn India
4.1.1 Company Profile
4.1.2 Barmer Salaya Pipeline (BSPL) Project
4.2 Hazira Vaghodia Jhabua (HVJ) Pipeline Project – GAIL India
4.2.1 Company Profile
4.2.2 Hazira Vaghodia Jhabua (HVJ) Pipeline Project
4.2.3 Hazira Vaghodia Jhabua (HVJ) Pipeline Extension Project
5. Oil & Gas Pipelines in India
6. Future Trends
7. Profile of Key Players
7.1 GE Energy
7.2 Rolls-Royce Energy Systems India Private Limited
List of Exhibits
2.1 India’s Oil & Gas Exploration Status
2.2 India’s Oil & Gas Reserve Base
2.3 India’s Oil Reserve 2003-2008
2.4 India’s Gas Reserve 2003-2008
3.1 Upstream and Downstream Processes
4.1 Cairn India Contact Details
4.2 Barmer Salaya Pipeline (BSPL) Project Route
4.3 Details of GE Jenbacher engines used in BSPL project
4.4 Key Facts related to BSPL Project
4.5 GAIL Contact Details
4.6 Details of Hazira Vaghodia Jhabua (HVJ) Pipeline Compressor Stations
4.7 Details of Rolls-Royce engines used in HVJ Pipeline Extension Project
4.8 Key Facts related to HVJ Pipeline Extension Project
5.1 Pipeline network in India
5.2 Map of Gas Pipeline network in India
5.3 Map of Product Pipeline network in India
6.1 Planned Refinery Capacities in India
6.2 Upcoming GAIL Gas Pipelines
6.3 Upcoming IOCL Product Pipelines
7.1 GE Energy Contact Details
7.2 Rolls-Royce Energy Systems India Private Limited Contact Details
For further enquiries and purchase of this report please contact amitava@novonous.com
Eccentric Expansion Technology - have a look at The MECXIC Engine .....
We would to bring to your attention a design for an
internal combustion engine, where the fuel comber is lager
in volume that the suktion chamber. This improves the
burning of the fuel mix and increases engine power.
I have a design for internal combustion engine combinet
with an elektrik motor, where the rotor of the internal
combustion engine appears stator of the elektrik motor.
This is my personal idea.
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